The Evolution of the EU’s Regulatory Role in Energy

Samuel Furfari

Samuel Furfari teaches energy geopolitics at ESCP‑London. He held a similar position at the Free University of Brussels from 2003 to 2021. He was a senior official in the European Commission’s Directorate‑General for Energy for 36 years, during which time he was involved in almost all of the policies and measures described in this essay, prior to the establishment of the European Green Deal. The views expressed in this essay are his own.